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                            HISTORY FORM I & II +QT                                 

                                      Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY ........................................................................................1

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL INFORMATION............................................................... 2

WAYS TO DETERMINE DATES.................................................................................. 3

EVOLUTION OF MAN TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT................................. 4

DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT ....................5

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEM.......................................... 6

         1   What is history?    History is the human past activities or is the study of human transformation in different times according to his nature and surroundings.

{Nini maana ya historia? Historia ni shughuli za kibinadamu zilizopita au elimu inayohusu  mabadiliko ya kimaumbile ya binadamu katika  nyakati tofauti tofauti  kutokana na asili ya mazingira yake na yale yanayomzunguka.}

what is the importance of studying history? {Nini umuhimu wa kujifunza historia?}

(i)History helps us to know our past:  { historia hutusaidia kujua tulikotoka}

 by knowing our past we will be able to improve the present and plan for the future{kwa kujua tulikotoka tutaweza kuboresha hali yetu ya sasa na kujipanga kwaajili ya siku zijazo}

(ii) History helps us to understand mans struggle in mastering his environment{ historia hutusaidia kuelewa jitihada za binadamu katika kabiliana (kudhibiti) na mazingira yake}

(iii)History helps us to know technological changes in human life.{historia hutusaidia kujua mabadiliko ya kiteknologia katika maisha ya binadamu}  Example from

 Stone Age to Iron Age.  {zama za mawe hadi zama za chuma}

(iv) History helps us to understand the relationship among people in deferent period and environment. {historia hutusaidia kuelewa uhususiano wa watu katika vipindi tofauti tofauti na mazingira tofauti tofauti.}

(v) History helps us to gain knowledge in solving the conflicts in the society{historia hutusaidia kupata ujuzi wa kutatua migogoro katika jamii .}

(vi) History helps us to make research in deferent problems in our society.{historia hutusaidia kufanya utafiti katika matatizo tofauti tofauti katika jamii}

       (2.0) OUTLINE FIVE SOURCES OF HISTORICAL INFORMATION {elezea vyanzo vitano vya historia}

(i) Oral tradition{ njia asili ya masimulizi }

(ii) Museums{majumba ya makumbusho} 

(iii)Historical sites{maeneo ya kihistoria}  

(iv)Archives {nyaraka} 

(v)archaeology{akiolojia au elimu kale}

(i)Oral tradition {njia asli ya masimulizi }

Oral tradition is the source of history which involves the passing of information .i.e. by talking and listening_.{njia asili ya masimulizi ni chanzo cha kihistoria kinachojumuisha upsianaji wa taarifa sanasana kwa kuzungumza na kusikiliza.}

         (i.a)Advantages of oral tradition{manufaa ya njia asili ya masimulizi}

   (1)Oral tradition helps to get information which is not recorded in written document.{njia asili ya masimulizi hutusaidia kupata taarifa ya kile ambacho hakikurekodiwa au kuwa katika hali ya maandishi.}

  (2)It is easier and cheaper method of getting historical information than any other method{ni njia nafuu ya kupata taarifa za kihistoria kuliko njia nyingine yeyote}

(3) It includes both literate and Illiterate people{inahusisha watu wa aina zote wenye elimu na wasio na elimu.}

         (i.b)disadvantages of Oral tradition {madhara ya njia asili masimulizi }

  (1)The Original information may be distorted due to change of narrators.{taarifa asilia zinaweza kubadilika kutokana na kubadilika kwa wasimulizi.}

  (2)It needs much of attention of the listener.{inahitaji umakini mkubwa sana wa msikilizaji }

  (3) most of narrators use their languages; therefore other people may not understand.{wasimulizi wengi hutumia lugha zao ,hivyo watu wengine wanaweza wasielewe}

  (4)In most cases the stories narrated are of few past generation and not those of our great –great fathers{katika visa vingi vya hadithi zilizosimuliwa ni za vizazi vichache vilivyopita na si! za mababa wa kale.}

(ii)  Museums are  the areas established especially for preserving different historical information and object. Examples of museums are the national museums of Tanzania and Kalenga museum in Iringa  {majumba ya makumbusho ni maeneo yaliyoanzishwa mahususi kwa lengo la kutunza taarifa za kihistoria pamoja na vielelezo.}mifano ya makumbusho ni makumbusho ya taifa ya Tanzania na makumbusho ya kalenga iringa}

      (ii.a)advantages of museums {manufaa ya majumba ya makumbusho}

  (1)they help people to get historical information{husaidia watu kupata taarifa za kihistoria}

  (2)they describe culture of particular society{husaidia kuelezea utamaduni wa jamii Fulani}

  (3)they attract tourism.{huvutia utalii}

           (ii.b)disadvantages of museums{madhara ya majumba ya makumbusho}

 (1) Some of museums are located far away from reach of ordinary people{baadhi ya makumbusho yako mbali na hayawezi kufikiwa na watu wa kipato cha kawaida}

 (2)Many people can not afford museums fees{watu wengi hawawezi kumudu gharama za makumbusho}

(3) IIIiterate people can not afford {watu wasio na elimu hawawezi kumudu}

             (3.i)Four ways of determining dates in History

(a)recalling events: This is the way of remembering important events like famine ,floods and so on. {kukumbuka matukio: hii ni njia ya kukumbuka matukio muhimu kama njaa,mafuriko na mengineyo.}

(b)Chronology: It involves arrangements of events according to their order of occurrence.{(wendo au utaratibu wa kupanga miaka na matukio)huhusisha upangaji wa matukio kutokana na mfurulizo wa utokeaji wake}

(c)by studying language  e.g the words Rahim and Marahaba  remands us the coming of Arabs in Est Africa Cost{kwa kujifunza elimu ya lugha }mfano wa maneno kama Rahimu na marahaba yanatukumbusha ujio wa waarabu katika Afrka Mashariki}

(d)Carbon 14 : is the scientific way of dertemining dates of remains of plants and animal died over past 5000 years ago .{carbon 14:ni njia ya kisayansi ya kutambua au kubaini umri wa masalia ya mimea au wanyama waliokufa kiasi cha zaidi ya  miaka 5000 iliyopita}

      ( 3.ii) How Historians divide time in dating historical events {namna gani wanahistoria hugawanya wakati katika kupangilia tarehe za matukio ya kihistoria}

The following are the categories of determining time in history{yafuatayo ni makundi ya ubainishaji wa wakati katika historia}

(1)A day –is a duration of twenty four hours{siku- ni kipindi cha masaa ishirini na nne}

(2)A week –is a duration of seven days{wiki-ni kipindi cha siku saba}

(3)A month is a period of four weeks{mwezi-ni kipindi cha wiki nne}

(4)A Year –is a period of twelve months {mwaka-ni kipindi cha miezi kumi na mbili}

(5)A decade-is a duration of ten years{muongo-ni kipindi cha miaka kumi}

(6) A century-is a duration of hundred years {karne-ni kipindi cha miaka mia moja}

(7) A millennium –is a duration of thousands years{millennia-ni kipindi cha miaka elfu moja}

(8) A generation is the everage defences in age between a child and or her parents .{kizazi-ni wastani wa tofauti ya umri kati ya motto na wazazi.}

      (3.iii)  what is the meaning of the following {nini maana ya haya yafuatayo}  

(1)   A D-means the year of the LORD (ANNO DOMINO){A D-inamaanisha mwaka wa bwana}

(2)B C-means years before Christ{B C- inamaanisha miaka kabla ya krito}

(3)HIJRA Is the moslems starting date (the time Mohamed fled from mecca to medina.{(hijra ni tarehe ya kuanza kwa mwaka wa kiislamu)ni wakati ambao Mohamed alikimbia kutoka mecca kwenda madina }

       (3.iv)   Describe three ways used to show chronological order events ,period and age.{elezea njia tatu zilizotumika kupangilia matukio wakati na umri}                                                                                                           

A TIME CHART{chati ya wakati}

TIME GRAPH  {grafu ya wakati}

                                                                                         

                                                                                       

C TIME LINE

(4.0) EVOLUTION OF MAN. TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT. {mageuko ya binadamu.teknologia na mazingira}

 (4.1) Two theories that attempt to tell (explain) the original of man  {thiologia   aina mbili zinazo jaribu kusema(kuelezea) asili ya binadamu}

(1.i)creation                       {  uumbaji}    

(1.ii)evolution of man     { mabadiliko ya kimaumbile}

       (1.i) EVOLUTION OF MAN      {mageuko ya binadamu}

Evolution of man is gradual change of man from lower stage to better stage adapted to environment.{mageuko ya binadamu ni mabadiliko(akimaumbile) endelevu ya binadamu kutoka katika hali duni hadi bora yaliyoendana na mazingira}

(1) The first family of man was called PRIMATES  {familia ya kwanza ya binadamu iliitwa PRIMATES}

(2) The transition of man from using four limbs is called bipedalism {mpito wa binadamu  kutoka katika kutumia miguu mine unaitwa bipedalism}

(4.2)  Four stages of man evolution include;  {hatua nne za mageuko ya binadamu zinajumuisha,}

(1)           Primates e.g apes and chimpanzee they walked by four limbs and they had low mental ability {primates, mfano nyani na sokwe walitembea kwa kutumia miguu minne na kuwa na uwezo mdogo wa kufikiri}

(2)         (AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANS 

           (a)zinjanthropus 

            (b)homo habilis

(3)         HOMO ERECTUS:( an up straight walking man)(mtu aliyeweza kusimama wima)

(4)         HOMOSAPIENS (The highest stage in mans evolution){hatua ya juu katika mageuko ya binadamu}

(4.3) The skull of the one eariest man was discovered 1959 {fuvu la mmoja wa wanadamu wa kale zaidi lilivumbuliwa mnamo mwaka 1959}

(4.4) The skull of the eariest man was discovered  Dr. Louis Leaky  {fuvu la binadamu wa kale zaidi lilivumbuliwa na Dr.Louis leaky}

(4.5)  the skull of the early man was discovered in olduvai George {fuvu la binadamu wa kale zaidi lilivumbuliwa Olduvai George.}

(4.6.0) What is the Stone Age? {Zama za mawe ni nini?}

It was  the historical period where man made and used the stone tools technology{ni kipindi cha kihistoria wakati ambapo binadamu alitengeneza zana kwa kutumia technologia ya mawe}

(4.6.1) Three stages of stone age {hatua tatu za zama za mawe}

(1)Early stone age  {zama za mawe za kale } 

(2)middle stone age {zama za mawe za kati}  

(3)then late or new stone age  {zama za mawe za mwisho}

(1)early stone age the first phase of stone age which existed between 1,750,000 BC and 750,000 BC.{zama za mawe za kale hatua ya kwanza ya zama za mawe zilikuwako kati ya 1,750,000 kabla ya kristo na 750,000 kabla ya kristo.}

(1.0) five characteristics of early stone age {tabia au sifa za zama za mawe za kale}

(i)            man was able to make and use simple stone tools {binadamu aliweza kuunda na kutumia zana rahisi za mawe}

(ii)        The tools made were heavy and  blunt  which were chopping and peddle tools {zana zilizotengenezwa zilikuwa nzito na butu ambazo zilikuwa zimechongoka na pana}

(iii)     The main activities of man were hunting and gathering.{shughuli kuu za binadamu zilikuwa ni kuwinda na kukusanya}

(iv)          Man had no permanent settlement{binadamu hakuwa na makazi ya kudumu}

(v)             Man ate raw food because there were no fire yet  {binadamu alikula vyakula vibichi kwasababu bado kulikuwa hakuna moto}

                                       

       (1.1)three areas in east Africa where chopping and peddle tools were found .{maeneo matatu katika Afrika mashariki ambapo zana za kuchongoka na pana zilipatikana }

(i)were {zilikuwa} Olduvai George 

(ii)Nsongezi   

(iii)Olorgesailie

        (2) Middle stone age {zama za kale za kati}

It was the second phase of stone age which existed between 750,000 and 50,000 BC. {ni hatua ya pili ya zama za mawe ambayo ilikuwako kati ya miaka 750,000 na 50,000 kabla ya kristo.}

             (2.1) The important change during the middle stone age was discovering of fire{mabadiliko muhimu wakati wa kipindi cha zama za kati za mawe yalikuwa ni kugundulika kwa moto}

(2.2) five uses of fire to man are;-{matumizi matano ya moto kwa binadamu yalikuwa ni:-

(i)              Man used fire to warm up himself {binadamu alitumia moto kujipa joto yeye mwenyewe}

(ii)           Man used fire to roast and chase wild animals

{binadamu alitumia moto kuivisha na kufukuza wanyama wa mwitu}

(iii)        Man used fire to fall down big trees and clearing the bushes{binadamu alitumia moto kuangusha miti mikubwa na kusafisha vichaka}

(iv)         Fire provided light at night{moto ulileta mwanga wakati wa usiku}

(v)            Man used fire to chase wild animals {binadamu alitumia moto kufukuza wanyama wa mwitu}

(3)    the late stone age  {zama za mwisho za mawe}

  It was third phase of the stone age which stated from 50,000 to the first millennium.{hii ni hatua ya tatu ya zama za mawe iliyoanzia miaka ya 50,000 mpaka millennia ya kwanza.}

         (3.1) five characteristics of late stone age {tabia au sifa za zama za mawe za mwisho}

(i)            Tools were improved  {zana ziliboreshwa}

(ii)        Man started to live in permanent settlement  {binadamu alianza kuishi katika makazi ya kudumu}

(iii)     Man started cultivation of crops {binadamu alianza kupanda mazao}

(iv)      Man started to domesticate animals   {binadamu alianza kufuga wanyama}

(v)         Man started activities like painting and drawing {binadamu alianza shughuli za  kunakshi na kuchora}

( 4.7.0)                                IRON AGE    {zama za chuma}

Was the period when man discovered and started to make and use Iron tools {ulikuwa ni wakati ambao binadamu aligundua na kuanza kutengeneza na kutumia zana za chuma}

(4.7.1)   the advantages of Iron discovery.   {Manufaa ya ugunduzi wa chuma}

(i)      There were improved tools compared to the stone age{zana ziliboreshwa kulinganishwa na zana za mawe}

(ii)           Iron tools made cultivation of crops easier{zana za chuma zilifanya upandaji wa mazao kuwa rahisi}

(iii)        Iron increased production{chuma kiliongeza uzalishaji}

(iv)         It led to presence of surplus{ilipelekea kuwepo kwa ziada}

(v)            It promoted trade (barter trade){iliamsha biashara (biashara ya mabadilishano)

(vi)         It led to population growth {ilipelekea kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu}

(vii)      It led to specialization e.g. people could become witch

 {doctor,Rainmakers,traders (barter trade){ilipelekea ufanyaji kazi maalumu mfano mtu aliweza kuwa mganga wa kienyeji, mtengeneza mvua,mfanya biasha (biashara ya mabadilishano)

(viii)                     It influenced the beginning of political institution like Kinship,state organization and so on.{ilvutia kuanzishwa kwa taasisi za kisiasa kama udugu,tawala za ushirikiano wa dola  na mengineyo}

(ix)      It led to increase of defence and security {ilipelekea kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usalama}

(4.7.2) The famous early iron sites in East Africa {maeneo maarufu ya mwanzo ya chuma Afrika mashariki}

(i)              Karagwe 

(ii)ugweno in same district(ugweno katika wilaya ya same 

(iii)the western shores of lake Victoria (magharibi mwa fukwe za ziwa viktoria}

                                                            Topic  3

      (5.0)  DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT {Maendeleo ya ya shughuli za kiuchumi na (athari) matokeo  yake}

(5.1)    Development is the progressive change from lower stage of life to advanced one{maendeleo ni mabadiliko endelevu kutoka hatua duni ya kimaisha hadi iliyo ya hali ya juu}

(5.2)    Three economic activities practiced by man in pre-colonial societies were{shughuli tatu za kiuchumi zilizotekelezwa na binadamu katika jamii za ukoloni wa awali:-

 (i) Agriculture    {kilimo}   

(i)Trade        {biashara}    

(i)industry    {uzalishaji mali}

(5.3)   four types of agriculture practiced  during the  pre-colonial East Africa societies were;- {Aina nne za kilimo zilizo tekelezwa mwanzoni mwa ukoloni Afrika mashariki zilikuwa:,

(i)              Parmanent crop cultivation    {kilimo cha mazao ya kudumu}

(ii)           Mixed farming            {kilimo  mchanganyiko}

(iii)        Shifting cultivation        {kilimo cha kuhamahama}

(iv)         Pastoralism       {ufugaji}

 (5.4) Difference between shifting and permanent crop cultivation  [Tofauti ya kilimo cha mazao cha kuhama hama na cha kudumu}

(i)  Shifting cultivation is the type of cultivation where by people moved from one place to another (in shifting cultivation people cultivate short time crops like maize and millet){ Kilimo cha kuhamahama ni kilimo ambacho watu walikuwa wakihama kutoka eneo moja hadi jingine(katika kilimo cha kuhamahama watu walilima mazao ya muda mfupi kama mahindi na mtama)}

(i)  Permanent cultivation is the type of cultivating permanent crop (in permanent cultivation people grow banana and coffee){kilimo cha kudumu ni kilimo cha kulima mazao ya kudumu(katika kilimo cha mazao ya kudumu watu walipanda migomba na kahawa.)}

(5.5)    four areas in East Africa where permanent cultivation was practiced{Maeneo manne katika Afrika mashariki ambayo kilimo cha kudumu kilitekelezwa :-

(i)     KILIMANJARO 

(ii)KAGERA  

(iii) KENYA HIGHLAND 

(iv)BUGANDA

      (5.6)   Mixed farming ;-Is the type of agriculture that involve crop cultivation and animal keeping.{KILIMO MCHANGANYIKO; ni aina ya kilimo ambayo inajumuisha upandaji wa mazao na ufugaji wa wanyama.}

(5.7)   Example of three societies which practiced mixed farming in Tanzania {mifano ya jamii ambazo zilitekeleza kilimo mchanganyiko Afrika mashariki }

(i)SUKUMA   

(i)FIPA  

(i)SANGU

Pastoralizsm;-pastoralism is the type of agriculture which involves livestock keeping  {ufugaji ni aina ya kilimo inayo husisha utunzaji wa mifugo}

(5.8)  five examples of the pastoral societies in Africa {mifano ya jamii za kifugaji katika afrika:-

(5.9)  Examples of three societies that practiced mixed farming in Tanzania{mifano ya jamii tatu zilizotekeleza kilimo mchanganyiko }

(i)KEREWE 

 (ii) MAKUA 

 (iii)YAO

(5.10)  Four examples of handchraft industries in pre-colonial Afrika {mifano minne ya viwanda vidogo vya uzalishaji mali  mwanzoni mwa uloloni Afrika}

(i)              Salt making industries  {viwanda vya utengenezaji chumvi}

(ii)           Cloth making industries   {viwanda vya uzalishaji nguo}

(iii)        Iron industries         {viwanda vya chuma}

(iv)         Gold mining industries {viwanda vya uchimbaji dhahabu} 

(5.11)   three Areas were gold was found in Africa {Maeneo matatu ambayo dhahabu ilipatikana katika Afrika}

 (i)gold coat  

(ii)Shona area 

(iii)Mwanemutapa

(5.12)   People who specialized in Iron work were called BLACK SMITHS {watu waliokuwa wakifanya shughuli za chuma kama shughuli maalumu waliitwa black smiths.(wakiwamaanisha mfua chuma}

(5.13) Three societies which involved themselves in iron work in pre-colonial Afrika were;- {jamii tatu zilizojihusisha na shughuli za chuma mwanzoni mwa ukoloni afrika zilikua:-

(i)              Fipa of sumbawanga in Tanganyika{wafipa wa sumbawanga Tanganyika }

(ii)           Nubia people of sudan  {watu wa nubia wa sudani}

(iii)        Shona of southern Rhodesia{washona wa rodesia ya kusini}

(5.14) the first common type of trade existed in pre-colonial Africa was BARTER  TRADE{Aina ya kwanza maarufu  ya biashara iliyojitokeza mwanzoni mwa ukoloni Afrka ilikuwa ni biashara ya mabadilishano}

(5.15)  THE  MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING ;-{maana ya yafuatayo

(I) part lineal society      {jamii ziliegemea kwa bwana au baba }.                       (I)matrilineal societies    {familia zilizoegemea kwa bibi au mama}

Artlineal society was the society in which clan heritage was based on the father {jamii ziliegemea kwa bwana(baba) ni jamii ambazo hazina ya ukoo iliegemea kwa baba}

E.g. Children belong to the father’s clan  {mfano watoto walikuwa ni mali ya ukoo wa baba}

MAtrilinieal  society was the society in which clan heritage was based on mother’s  clan eg.children belonged to mothers’ clan e.g  among MWERA and YAO people{Jamii zilizoegemea kwa bibi ( mama)  zilikuwa ni jamii ambazo hazina ya ukoo ilikuwa ikiegemea zaidi kwa mama}

(5.16)   Barter trade ;{biashara ya mabadilishano}(-was the system of exchanging goods with other goods){ilikuwa ni biashara ya kubadilishana bidhaa kwa bidhaa}

(5.17)  two major types of trade developed in pre-colonial African societies were;  {Aina kuu mbili za biashara zilizoendelea katika jamii za mwanzoni mwa ukoloni}

(i)              Local trade  {biashara za kawaida}

(ii)           Region trade{biashara za kikanda} (long distance trade){biashara ya masafa }

  (5.18)         DEFENITION OF LOCAL TRADE  {ufafanuzi wa bishara ya kawaida}

(i)              Local trade was the trade which involved exchange of goods within society or community eg pastoralists could exchange cattle with crops like maize and millet.{biashara ya kawaida ni biashara iliyohusisha ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa ndani ya jamii au jumuia. Mfano wafugaji waliweza kubadilishana na mazao kama mahindi na mtama.}

(ii)           Regional trade (long distance trade) was the trade which involved  people from different (far regions eg the people of East Africa and those from Central Africa.{biashara ya kikanda (biashara ya masafa) ni biashara iliyohusisha watu kutoka maeneo tofauti tofauti ya mbali.mfano watu wa Afrka masharika na wale wa Afrika ya kati.}

(5.19)  Examples of three East African societies that participated in long distance Trade and the goods exchanged were;-  {mifano mitatu ya jamii za afrika mashariki  zilizoshiriki katika biashara za masafa na mabadilishano zilikuwa;}

(i)              Yao             

(ii) Nyamwezi      

(ii)           Kamba  

 ,they exchanged ivory slave and  copper with cloth,porcelain and ornaments from ASIAN Trades{zilibadilishana pembe za ndovu,watumwa,na shaba kwa kupata nguo,vitu vya mng’ao (kaolini) na mapambo kutoka wafanya biashara wa asia}

(5.20)    The effect of long distance trade(LTD) to the people of East Africa {matokeo ya biashara masafa (LTD)kwa watu wa Afrika mashariki }

(i)                The exploitation of African wealth through unequal exchange{unyonyaji wa thamani ya bidhaa za kiafrika kupitia ubadilishanaji usio na usawa}

(ii)             It promoted slave trade

(iii)        It led to growth of kingdoms like Buganda and Mirambo empire{ilipelea kukua kwa falme kama ya Buganda na himaya ya mirambo}

(iv)         The rise of Swahili language in the interior of East Africa.{kuinuka  kwa Kiswahili ndani ya ukanda wa Afrika mashariki}

(v)            It led to growth of towns like Ujiji.{ilipelekea kukua kwa miji kama ujiji}

(vi)            Spread of Arab culture in East Africa eg  building and wearing styles.[kusambaa kwa utamaduni wa kiarabu katika afrika mashariki  mfano majengo na uvaaji.}

(vii)      Intermarriage between Africans and Arabs.{mwingiliano wa kindoa kati ya waarabu na waafrika.}

(viii)   Disintegration of families due to slave trade {kuvunjika kwa familia kutokana na biashara ya utumwa}

(5.21)   Define Trans Saharan Trade.   {fafanua biashara kupitia Sahara}

  Trans Sahara  trade was the trade conducted across the Sahara desert before 8^th century between western Sudan and North African societies.{biashara ya kupitia sahara ilikuwa ni biashara iliyofanywa kupitia njangwa la sahara kabla ya karne ya nane.}

(5.22)  Examples of goods exchanged during trans sahara trade.{mifano ya bidhaa zilizobadilishwa wakati wa biashara ya kupitia sahara}

(a)  Gold,{dhahabu}  cola nuts,{mbegu za kola (mimea yenye kemikali ya kafeni)}   food stuff ,[vyakula}  Ivory,  {pembe za ndovu}  bee wax {nta}  and Ostrich feathers from north Afrika.{na manyoya ya mbuni kutoka afrika kaskazini}

(b)                        Salad and animal skins from North Africa {saladi{mfano wa kachumbali} na ngozi za wanyama kutoka afrika ya kaskazini}

(c) Cotton ,{pamba}Silk{ Hariri}  ,Guns{silaa}, Cloth {Nguo} ,beads{shanga} ,and Horses from Europe and Asia {na farasi kutoka ulaya na asia.}

(5.23)   The effect of trans Sahara Trade includes  {matokeo ya biashara ya kupitia sahara  ni pamoja na}:-

(i)                Growth of towns like  Gao Timubuktu and walato  {Kukua kwa miji kama Gao,Timbuku na Walato.}

(ii)             The rise of some of Empires like Mali Ghana and {Soghai {Kuinuka kwa baadhi ya himaya kama Mali,Ghana na Songai.}

(iii)           Introduction of Arabic administrative system in West  Africa {Kuingia kwa utaratibu wa utawala wa kiarabu katika Afrka Magharibi.}

(iv)            Unequal trade .  {Biashara isiyokuwa na usawa}

(v)             Intermarriage and emergence of  mulattoes  

               {Mwingiliano wa kindoa na dharula za uchotara}

(vi)         Development of education for instance there were Quranic  schools and Timbuktu Univesty was established.{Maendeleo ya elimu mfano kulikuwa na shule za kiislamu na chuo kikuu cha Timbuku kilianzishwa }

(6 .0)  THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEM {maendeleo ya kijamii na mifumo ya kisiasa}

(6.1)   Five major types of social organization emerged in Africa by 16^th century {Aina kuu nne za ushirika wa kijamii zilizopatikana Afrka katika karne ya 16}

(i)              Clan  |kinship organization {ushirika wa kikoo/kidugu

(ii)           Age set organization {ushirika wa kirika }

(iii)        Ntemiship organization  {ushirika wa  kitemi}

(iv)         State of kingdom  {utawala wa kifalme}

(v)            Sultanate   {usultani}

(6.2)  CLAN ORGANIZATION :It was the social organization which consisted of several blood related families  {ushirika wa kikoo: ulikuwa ni ushirika wa kijamii uliotokana na familia kadhaa zenye damu moja}

(6.3) The function of clan Head were;-{kazi za mkuu wa koo zilikuwa;}

(i)              To control clan properties like land and forest  {kusimamia mali za koo kama mashamba na misitu}

(ii)           To control all religious ceremonies {kusimamia sherehe zote za kidini {kiibada}

(iii)        To decide and settle disputes arose among the clan members {kuamua na kutuliza mabishano au mashindano yaliyoibuka miongoni mwa wanaukoo}

(6.4) two types of clan organization  {aina kuu mbili za ushirika wa koo}

(i)              Part lineal clan organization  {ushirika wa koo zinazoegemea kwa baba(bwana)}

(ii)           Matrliineal clan organization  {ushirika wa koo zinazoelekea kwa mama(bibi)

(6.5)  Age set organization;-was type of social and political organization which based on age and sex It was mainly practiced among pastoral societies.  {ushirika wa kirika: ulikuwa ni aina ya ushirika wa kijamii na kisiasa ambao uliegemea katika umri na jinsia,ulitumiwa zaidi na jamii za kifugaji}

(6.6) five examples of pastoral societies with age set  organization {Mifano mitano ya ya jamii za kifugaji ambazo zilikuwa na ushirika wa kirika }

(i)              Maasai

(ii)           Nyakyusa

(iii)        Kikuyu       

(6.7)  An example of distribution of duties according to age and sex are:-{mifano ya mgawanyo wa majukumu kutokana na umri na jinsia }

   (a)          Children of up to 8 years were non –producers  {watoto chini ya miaka 8 walikuwa si wazalishaji}

    (b)         Youth group between the age of 8 to 18 years Their responsibilities were to graze animal and milking cattle while assisted by women {kundi la vijana umri kati ya miaka 8 na 18 walikuwa na jukumu la kuchunga kukamua maziwa wakisaidiwa na wanawake}

    (c) Moran group of age 18 to 35 were the soudiers of the society   {morani kundi la miaka 18 hadi 35 walikuwa asikari wa jamii}

    (d)         Elders group ,aged 35-75 they were to control livestock and other communication properties  {kundi la wazee miaka 35 hadi 75 walikuwa wasimamizi wa mifugo vifaa vingine vya mawasiliano}

               They were leaders of spiritual matters {walikuwa viongozi wa maswala  ya kiroho}

               They were to maintain peace and orders in the society {walikuwa wakidumisha amani na amri katika jamii}

(6.7)     Four function of morani  in age set  system of maasai  {kazi nne za morani katika mpangilio wa kirika kwa wamasai}

(i)              To defend the community against the enemies  {kulinda jumuia dhidi ya maadui}

(ii)           To seach for water and pasture for the animal  {kutafuta maji na malisho kwaajili ya wanyama}

(iii)        To increase the number of cattle by seizing cattle from other societies {kuongeza idadi ya ng’ombe kwa kuteka au kukamata ng’ombe kutoka jamii nyingine}

(iv)         To help to collect tributes from the traders passing through maasai land {kusaidia kukusanya ushuru kutoka kwa wafanya biashara waliokuwa wakipita katika ardhi ya wamasai}

(6.8) Ntemiship organization. {uhirika wa kitemi}

Ntemiship was the type of social and political organization practiced among Nyamwezi,  SUKUMA and Kimbu people by 1300 AD.{utemi ilikuwa ni aina ya ushirika wa kijamii na kisiasa ambao ulitumika kati ya Wanyamwezi,Wasukuma na Wakimbu kati ya miaka 1300 baada ya kristo.}

(6.9)   Responsibilities of  Ntemi  {majukumu ya mtemi}

(i)            To control all political matters  {kusimamia maswala yote ya kisiasa}

(ii)        To divide the land  i.e KUTEMA  {kugawanya ardhi mfano KUTEMA}

(iii)     To devece  and settle conflicts in the society {ku…..na kutatua migogoro katika jamii}

(iv)      To control religious matters like giving sacrifice to the spirits  {kusimamia maswala ya kidini kama kutoa sadaka kwa mizimu}

(v)         To collect tributes from his people   {kukusanya kodi kutoka kwa watu wake}

(6.10)   State Organization   {utawala wa dola}

State is the community which defined territory with full control of its government .{Dola ni jumuia ambayo imejitangazia eneo likiwa na serikari yake kamili}

State organization started around 15^th  century due to the development of iron technology.{ushirika wa kidola ulianza katika karne ya 15 kutokana na maendeleo ya tecknolojia ya chuma}

(6.10)  form of the state organization and political leaders  (Title) in East Africa  {muundo wa shirika za kidola na majina ya viongozi wa kisiasa katika afrika mashariki}

Examples:- { mifano}

(a)              Among hehe ,  Sangu  ,and    Bena  political  leaders was called MTWA{miongoni mwa wahehe,wasangu,na wabena kiongozi wa kisiasa aliitwa Mtwa}

(b)              In Kagera political reader was OMUKAMA {kagera kiongozi wa kisiasa aliitwa OMUKAMA}

(c) In Buganda political leader was called  KABAKA  {Buganda kiongozi wa kisiasa aliitwa KABAKA}

(d)              In Rwanda and  Burundi political leader was called MWAMI {Rwanda na burundi kiongozi wa siasa aliitwa MWAMI}

(e) Along the coastal area political leader was called MWINYI  {Maeneo ya mwambao kiongozi wa siasa aliitwa MWINYI}

(6.11)   Four feudal relations developed in East Africa  {aina nne za uhusiano wa kikabaila zilizoendelea  (kuendelezwa)  Afrika Mashariki}

(i)     UBUGABIRE 

(ii)    NYARUBANJA

(iii)   MVUNJO  

(iv)    UMWINYI

(6.12)   FACTORS FOR STATE FORMATION {vigezo vya kuundwa kwa dola}

(I)              Good leadership  like MIRAMBO of nyamwezi empire {utawala bora kama wa Mirambo katika himaya ya wanyamwezi}

(II)          Good climate  e.g  presence of rainfall and soil fertility  {hali ya hewa nzuri mfano uwepo wa  mvua na ardhi yenye rutuba}

(III)       Trade e.g long distance Trade like trans sahara  trade.{biashara ya masafa mfano biashara ya kupitia sahara} 

(IV)       Iron Technology  {tecnologia ya chuma}

(V)           Wars  conguest {mateka wa vita}

(6.13)  what were the factors for the rise of Buganda kingdom ?  {vigezo vipi vilikuwa ndo sbabu ya kuinuka kwa ufalme wa kabaka}

(I)              geographical factors eg rainfall and fertility.{vigezo vya kijiografia kama mvua na rutuba}

(II)          Strong leadership of kabaka {nguvu ya utawala wa kabaka}

(III)       Decline of bunyoro gave rise to BUGANDA kingdom {kufifia kwa bunyoro kuliinua ufalme wa kabaka}

(IV)       Conquest  {mateka}

(V)           Tributes from the people within the kingdome { ushuru kutoka miongoni mwa watu wa ufalme}

(6.14)  Differentiate between centralized state and non centralized state {tofautisha kati ya dola kuu  na dola isiyo kuu }

Centralized state is the state of which includes large area  ruled by king with many tribe  while non centralized state includes small area ruled by the chief with only one tribe.{dola kuu ni dola inayo jumuisha eneo kubwa linalotawaliwa na mfalme likiwa na makabila mengi na dola isiyo kuu ni dola inayojumuisha eneo dogo linalotawaliwa na chifu likiwa na kabila moja.}  

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